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A researcher works with a chip听in a facility on the 欧美口爆视频 Boulder campus. (Credit: 欧美口爆视频 Boulder College of Engineering and Applied Science)

This month marks a victory for very, very small electronics.听

On Aug. 25, President Joe Biden signed an executive order meant to speed up the start of the in the U.S. The bill, which passed the Senate earlier this summer with a bipartisan vote of 64-33, seeks to funnel $280 billion toward various research and tech programs around the country鈥攊ncluding nearly $53 billion in investments to spur the country鈥檚 shrinking semiconductor industry.听

Aju Jugessur joined a number of researchers at 欧美口爆视频 Boulder who celebrated the bill.

He oversees a facility on campus called the 欧美口爆视频 Shared Instrumentation in Nanofabrication and Characterization (COSINC). Here, researchers use state-of-the art tools to design incredibly small electronic devices鈥攕ome features measuring just 10 nanometers in size, or less than a millionth of an inch. What impacts the CHIPS and Science Act will have on 欧美口爆视频 Boulder and 欧美口爆视频 are still unclear. But Jugessur noted that it brings new attention to a critically important, but often overlooked, class of materials called semiconductors. Today, semiconductor devices are everywhere, powering the chips inside your smart phone, car, laptop and even thermostat.听

But their supply in the U.S. has grown increasingly shaky as factories have shifted overseas, and supply-chain disruptions have driven the cost of semiconductors sky-high.

鈥淭he minute you get up, almost everything you touch uses semiconductor chips,鈥� Jugessur said. 鈥淲e learned the hard way during this pandemic that we cannot rely on other countries to provide these chips. We have to make our own.鈥�

The engineer isn鈥檛 only interested in the electronics of today. He鈥檚 also focused on enabling research on the technologies that consumers will use 20 or 30 years from now.

At COSINC, part of the College of Engineering and Applied Science, researchers design new kinds of incredibly-small electronics鈥攆rom tiny sensors that could squeeze on top of a grain of salt to devices that may be able to seek out and destroy tumor cells hiding in the body. Still more researchers will use the facility to develop quantum technologies that can harness light in never-before-seen ways.听

鈥淓ver since nanotechnology emerged several decades ago, it has become something we as a society rely on for so many things,鈥� said Won Park, professor of electrical computer and energy engineering who has worked extensively at COSINC.

Training grounds

To show just how much the world depends on nanotechnology, Jugessur holds up his iPhone 13. This pocket-sized device, he said, contains roughly 15 billion semiconductor transistors, a key feature of computer chips.

鈥淚 basically live in my iPhone. I have my calendar. I have my email. I can control my home security features from here,鈥� said Jugessur, a physicist and electrical engineer by training. 鈥淎ll that is thanks to semiconductors.鈥�

Semiconductors are a wide class of materials that include germanium and the silicon that gives Silicon Valley its name. They exist in a kind of middle zone of electronics鈥攎ixing the properties of conductors, such as copper wires, and insulators, such as rubber.

Currently, facilities in the United States produce about 12% of the semiconductors made every year world-wide. This year鈥檚 CHIPS and Science Act is an attempt to address that shortfall. Large portions of the bill鈥檚 funding will likely go to businesses in the U.S. that fabricate transistors like those in Jugessur鈥檚 smart phone. But the act also authorizes new funding for听basic research through agencies like the U.S. National Science Foundation and听gives NASA the official go-ahead to pursue its Artemis program to return to the moon. 听

If that funding is approved, researchers across 欧美口爆视频 Boulder, including at COSINC, may be able to apply for new grants to tap into the windfall.

Jugessur noted that at COSINC, researchers and students gain experience with some of the same tools and processes that the nation鈥檚 semiconductor plants employ. Students, for example, can try their hands at a process called photolithography. In this multi-step technique, engineers use lasers, solvents and polymers, or plastics, among other tools to carve thin structures on wafers of semiconductor materials into precise shapes.

The facility鈥檚 new $8.5 million clean room is scheduled to open in October.

鈥淚f you're not training the next generation of people, in our case, students, to work in this area, the semiconductor industry in the U.S. won鈥檛 be able to compete,鈥� Jugessur said.

Zapping tumors

Park鈥檚 research shows the promise of the nano domain.听

He uses machines at COSINC to design tiny electronics that take a deep dive into the equally tiny world within the human body. In one project, for example, Park and his colleagues have like burrs sticking on pants after a hike. If you hit the devices with the right color of light, they begin to heat up, potentially destroying the tumors in the process. One day, doctors could potentially treat bladder cancer by introducing these nanodevices into a patient鈥檚 bladder听through a urinary catheter.听

鈥淲ith these devices, you wouldn鈥檛 need to have surgery to remove bladder cancer,鈥� Park said. 鈥淵ou could potentially do this treatment in an outpatient clinic.鈥�

The project is a collaboration with researchers at the 欧美口爆视频 Anschutz Medical Campus. The team has tried out this nano-sized approach to medicine on tumors cells in a lab but hasn鈥檛 yet tested it in humans.听

Park added that COSINC is an indispensable part of campus. You can鈥檛 make the technology of the future, he said, without getting small.

鈥淲ithout COSINC, I wouldn鈥檛 have a research program,鈥� he said. 鈥淏eing able to fabricate structures in these nanoscale dimensions is absolutely essential in today鈥檚 world."