欧美口爆视频

Keyword: Justice

On September 19^th, 2020, Gan Golan and Andrew Boyd鈥檚 Climate Clock began ticking in Manhattan鈥檚 Union Square (Figure 1). The artists displayed the clock on Metronome, a public art installation originally created by Kristin Jones and Andrew Ginzel in 1999. For over 20 years, the 62-foot-wide digital clock counted to and from midnight.[1] At 3:30 pm, it suddenly switched to displaying a countdown of when the effects of global warming would become irreversible.[2] The clock serves as a public demand for change, a demand for justice. 7 years, 103 days, 15 hours, 40 minutes, and 07 seconds. This is how long we have.

Art, such as Golan and Boyd鈥檚 public installation, can forge emotional understandings, can activate narratives, can contextualize complex sites of socio-political experiences, and can materialize notions and practices of justice.[3] More specifically, art can successfully facilitate restorative justice. Carolyn Boyes-Watson defines restorative justice as 鈥減eaceful approaches to harm, problem-solving, and violations of legal and human rights.鈥�[4] This approach engages more holistically with 鈥渢hose who are harmed, wrongdoers and their affected communities in search of solutions that promote repair, reconciliation, and the rebuilding of relationships.鈥�[5] Brunilda Pali has studied the relationship between art and restorative justice through Sharon Daniel, a digital and media artist from California. Daniel鈥檚 project, Art for social change: exploring justice through new media documentary, investigates how media technologies and documentary strategies can actively participate in restorative justice practices and how activist art can contribute to changing social conditions.[6] 聽One of the works that make up the project, Inside the distance (Figure 2), 鈥渄ocuments victim/offender mediation practices in Belgium and shows how mediation poses a potential cultural alternative to dominant modes, methods, and theories of justice and punishment.鈥�[7] Daniel, in relation to the video installation, describes herself as a 鈥渃ontext-provider鈥� and aims to help others speak for themselves. To do this, the artist constructs visual contexts that will allow for deeper understandings and engaged communication to take place.[8]

Pali argues that restorative justice mediators also practice this role of context-provider. In traditional criminal justice practices, contexts between victim and offender are usually dismissed or are not fully understood. Restorative justice practices instead make this contextual understanding a priority.[9] Restorative justice practices, because they prioritize context, holistic strategies, and community healing, have been useful in environmental law and criminology. Angus Nurse argues that justice systems have an obligation to do more than provide 鈥減unishment and social disapproval.鈥�[10] Nurse believes that offenders of environmental crimes must be held accountable for what they have done, recognize the harm caused, and repair that harm.[11] Standard criminal justice practices often do not allow for this process to take place, leaving effected communities to be disregarded and forgotten. In contrast, restorative justice models would make repairing environmental and community harm a requirement.[12]

Many scholars within environmental justice and law disciplines have noted a general lack of urgency within nation-state governance systems to address the failings of their current practices. Joel 颁辞濒贸苍-搁铆辞蝉 provides insight into how, for most of the 20^th century, Western culture understood nature as a resource meant to be used. Therefore, 鈥渃onstitutional protection of the environment was only possible indirectly.鈥�[13] Klaus Bosselman states that there has been 鈥渘o real global responsibility and no sense of urgency for lowering Humanity鈥檚 overall impact on the Earth system.鈥�[14] Authors of the text 鈥淭he Search for Environmental Justice鈥� argue that these systems are 鈥渙ften insufficiently effective, particularly in recognition of and respect for the interests of the less powerful.鈥�[15] However, despite the lackluster actions taken within environmental law, there are also signs that change is taking place. There is a growing political belief 鈥渋n the necessity of protecting the vulnerable, whether that vulnerability is of nature itself in the face of industrial power, or of people who have a special dependency upon nature.鈥�[16]

I believe that activist art practices, such as those seen by Sharon Daniel, Gan Golan, and Andrew Boyd, can shed light on the need for restorative justice practices within the disciplines of environmentalism. Artists can build collective emotional bonds, share narratives in meaningful ways, and contextualize socio-political experiences. Thus, they are uniquely situated to act as mediators between the general public, scientists, law-makers and practitioners, and those from other fields engaged in conversations on environmentalism. Daniel, in her video installation Inside the distance, demonstrates how activist art can participate in restorative justice practices and how they can contribute to changing social conditions. Golan and Boyd鈥檚 public installation, Climate Clock, is an example of how art can achieve this goal set by Daniel. Their work, through their active call for change, has the potential of influencing socio-political thoughts surrounding climate change, and to bring about true restorative justice.