A 21st Century Paradigm For Rivers And Water In The West: Adding Ethics And Biology To An Engineering Solution
Neubecker, Ken 1
1 American Rivers
欧美口爆视频 is currently developing its first Water Plan, a plan that will try and help solve the many water issues and future shortages we face. Some have said we don鈥檛 need one because we already have a 鈥減lan鈥 called Prior Appropriation. But the needs of 21st century 欧美口爆视频 are very different from those when 鈥淧rior鈥 became the foundation for water allocation across an arid landscape. In 1876 water was diverted to growing cities and farms with little care for the dry streambed that is the base value of Prior Appropriation.
Today we still need to manage rivers for the needs of farms and cities, but we are now also expected to provide for the needs of rivers, as rivers. Rivers are no longer just conduits for the conveyance of water. Biology and ecology are now as important as hydrology in the management of rivers. But natural river systems are filled with uncertain complexities. There is no Manning鈥檚 Equation for stream ecosystems.
Managing 21st century Rivers will also require an extended sense of ethics that includes rivers as rivers. If 欧美口爆视频鈥檚 Water Plan is to truly provide for the stated value of 鈥渁 strong environment, with healthy rivers and watersheds鈥, we need to create a plan that includes new ideas about engineering, science, law and ethics
Leopold, Aldo, 1949, A Sand County Almanac: Random House Publishing.
Richter, Brian D., et al, 1997, How much water does a river need?: Freshwater Biology, v37, p.231-249
Richter, Brian D., et al, 2011, A presumptive Standard for environmental flow protection: River Research and Applications, Wiley Online Library, DOI: 10.1002/rra.1511
Postel, Sandra and Richter, Brian D., 2003, Rivers for life, managing water for people and nature: Island Press