Each hole you see in this image at one point housed a miniature animal. Together, these tiny animals created a netlike colony: the bryozoan.听While this image displays an encrusted fossil from the Pleistocene (2.58 million to 11.7 thousand years ago), there are many bryozoan varieties alive today, their habitats ranging from the shallow reefs of the tropics to the frigid waters of the poles.听Bryozoans are exclusively clonal aquatic animals that can exhibit various growth forms: some branch up from substrate, some grow into amorphous floating blobs, but most grow by encrusting on top of substrates (which can include the shells of other animals), like what you see in this image.
These small animals are referred to as zooids, each an individual unit of a functioning colony. In life, each zooid has a soft-tissue body, called a polypide, terminating with a crown of cilia-covered tentacles,听called a lophophore. These tentacles act as filters, capturing microorganisms in the water to sustain the entire colony. As most bryozoans are sessile, the ability to filter feed allows them to increase the health of aquatic ecosystems by simply sieving plankton from the water1.
Encrusting bryozoans are not just fun to look at under a microscope, they are also important to consider from an ecological perspective. One of the most well-known modern taxa of encrusting bryozoan is actually a highly invasive species along the eastern seaboard of the United States, called听Membranipora membranacea. This听species typically grows over blades of kelp in its native Salish sea, where its population is kept in check by a nudibranch with special camouflage coloration (which helps it avoid predators of its own!) that crawls along the surface of encrusted colonies, eating zooids as it moves. Hitching rides on the hulls of ships,听M. membranacea听has made its way into ecosystems where there are no such predators2.听 Their populations in these areas have thus听spiraled out of control, interfering with the growth of kelp fronds by covering entire blades and causing them to become fragile and eventually break.
In their native habitats, encrusting bryozoans don鈥檛 typically harm the organisms they use as growing surfaces, either because they are eaten by predators before growing in excess or they grow over substrates that don鈥檛 need access to sunlight in order to survive, like kelp does. However, when introduced into environments without predators, encrusting bryozoans can easily go from being the cute colony you see in this picture to an uncontrollable ecological danger. The prevalence of invasive species in various ecosystems across the world has been increasing since the advent of global travel鈥攖he importance of raising awareness of invasive species and the dangers they pose to healthy ecosystems cannot be overstated!
The information for this week's WoW was compiled by Sarah Leventhal, a PhD candidate in Geosciences, working with Carl Simpson, Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology. She is studying the evolutionary history of modular marine invertebrates鈥攕pecifically cheilostome bryozoans. Graduate students offer important contributions to the 欧美口爆视频 Museum while working side-by-side with researchers in their field and museum curators.
Uncataloged turritellid gastropod encrusted by a bryozoan (from 欧美口爆视频MNH-Invertebrate Paleontology Collection)
Age: Pleistocene
Collector: Mary Ellen Benson
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