Abstract
Rationale
Mycobacterium vaccae (NCTC 11659) is an environmental saprophytic bacterium with anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and stress resilience properties. Previous studies have shown that whole, heat-killed preparations of M. vaccae prevent allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma. Recent studies also demonstrate that immunization with M. vaccae prevents stress-induced exaggeration of proinflammatory cytokine secretion from mesenteric lymph node cells stimulated ex vivo, prevents stress-induced exaggeration of chemically induced colitis in a model of inflammatory bowel disease, and prevents stress-induced anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses. Furthermore, immunization with M. vaccae induces anti-inflammatory responses in the brain and prevents stress-induced exaggeration of microglial priming. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory effects of M. vaccae are not known.
Objectives
Our objective was to identify and characterize novel anti-inflammatory molecules from M. vaccae NCTC 11659.
Methods
We have purified and identified a unique anti-inflammatory triglyceride, 1,2,3-tri [Z-10-hexadecenoyl] glycerol, from M. vaccae and evaluated its effects in freshly isolated murine peritoneal macrophages.
Results
The free fatty acid form of 1,2,3-tri [Z-10-hexadecenoyl] glycerol, 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid, decreased lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 ex vivo. Meanwhile, next-generation RNA sequencing revealed that pretreatment with 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid upregulated genes associated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) signaling in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, in association with a broad transcriptional repression of inflammatory markers. We confirmed using luciferase-based transfection assays that 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid activated PPARα signaling, but not PPARγ, PPARδ, or retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α signaling. The effects of 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of IL-6 were prevented by PPARα antagonists and absent in PPARα-deficient mice.
Conclusion
Future studies should evaluate the effects of 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid on stress-induced exaggeration of peripheral inflammatory signaling, central neuroinflammatory signaling, and anxiety- and fear-related defensive behavioral responses.
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Abbreviations
- CD:
-
Cluster of differentiation
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- DC:
-
Dendritic cell
- DSM-5:
-
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IRF:
-
Interferon regulatory factor
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MGB:
-
Microbiota–gut–brain
- NCTC:
-
National Collection of Type Cultures
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- PEA:
-
Palmitoylethanolamide
- PPAR:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PTSD:
-
Posttraumatic stress disorder
- RAR:
-
Retinoic acid receptor
- TGFβ:
-
Transforming growth factor beta
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- Treg:
-
Regulatory T cell
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Zachary D. Barger for proofreading the manuscript. We thank the University of Colorado Boulder BioFrontiers Institute Next-Gen Sequencing Core Facility, which performed the Illumina sequencing.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (grant number 1R21MH116263; CAL). Dr. Christopher A. Lowry is supported by the Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) Award (grant number N00014-15-1-2809), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development (VA-ORD) RR&D Small Projects in Rehabilitation Research (SPiRE) (I21) (grant number 1 I21 RX002232-01), Colorado Clinical & Translational Sciences Institute (CCTSI) Center for Neuroscience (grant number CNSTT-15-145), the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE; grant number DCEED-3510), and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (grant number, G-2016-7077). Dr. Robin Dowell is supported by NSF Career MCB #1350915.
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G.S.B. and P.A.I. isolated and synthesized 1,2,3-tri [Z-10-hexadecenoyl]glycerol. W.X. and X.W. developed a synthesis for 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid and synthesized the compound. Experimental design was done by D.G.S., R.M., G.S.B., G.A.W.R., L.R.B., and C.A.L. L.N. and P.A.I designed the PPAR luciferase-based transfection assay experiments. In vivo screening and experimentation was performed by R.M. and L.R.B. In vitro experiments using freshly isolated murine peritoneal macrophages were performed by D.G.S. Transfections and reporter gene assays were performed by I.S. and P.B. RNA-seq data processing and analysis was done by D.G.S., R.D.D., and M.A.A. Experimental design and preparation of the manuscript were done by D.G.S., R.M., G.S.B., L.N., G.A.W.R., L.R.B., and C.A.L.
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All experimental protocols were consistent with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Eighth Edition (The National Academies Press 2011), and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Colorado Boulder approved all procedures. This work was covered under CU Boulder IACUC Protocol Numbers 2134-14MAY2018 and 2361-14MAY2018-DT. The research described here was conducted in compliance with The ARRIVE Guidelines: Animal research: reporting of in vivo experiments, originally published in PLOS Biology, June 2010 (Kilkenny and Altman 2010).
Conflict of interest
Christopher A. Lowry serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of Immodulon Therapeutics Ltd. Dr. Robin Dowell is a founder and scientific advisor of Arpeggio Biosciences.
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Smith, D.G., Martinelli, R., Besra, G.S. et al. Identification and characterization of a novel anti-inflammatory lipid isolated from Mycobacterium vaccae, a soil-derived bacterium with immunoregulatory and stress resilience properties. Psychopharmacology 236, 1653–1670 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05253-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05253-9