ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR)

Engineers transform smartphones into instruments for studying space

Jeff Zehnder — Fri, 15 Nov 2024 18:19:53 +0000

Engineers transform smartphones into instruments for studying space Jeff Zehnder Fri, 11/15/2024 - 11:19

That ordinary smartphone in your pocket could be a powerful tool for investigating outer space.

In a new study, researchers at Google and ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder have transformed millions of Android phones across the globe into a fleet of nimble scientific instruments—generating one of the most detailed maps to date of the uppermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

The group’s findings, published Nov. 13 in the journal Nature, might help to improve the accuracy of GPS technology worldwide several-fold. The research was led by Brian Williams of Google Research and included Jade Morton, professor in the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences at ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder.

“These phones can literally fit in your palm,” Morton said. “But through crowdsourcing, we can use them to change the way we understand the space environment.”

She and her colleagues used the GPS sensors that come standard in every smartphone to collect data on how Earth’s atmosphere warped signals coming from satellites. In the process, they were able to view phenomena in the atmosphere, such as blobs high above the planet known as “plasma bubbles,” in never-before-seen detail.

The group released its data publicly so that anyone can watch how the atmosphere swirled and shifted over about eight months.“Collaboration is central to scientific progress and to our scientific research at Google,” said Lizzie Dorfman, product lead for Science AI in Google Research. “Dr. Morton’s expertise was essential to this research, and it has been an absolute pleasure working with her as a visiting researcher and collaborator.”

Eye on the ionosphere

The study puts new focus on the ionosphere, a wispy layer of the atmosphere that stretches more than 350 miles above Earth’s surface.

It’s a volatile arena: Here, rays from the sun constantly beat down on the atmosphere, splitting its molecules and atoms into a soupy mix of charged particles—what scientists call a plasma. It also never stays still.

“At 2 o'clock in afternoon, there are a lot more charged particles in the ionosphere because the sun is at its strongest,” Morton said. “But at night, the sun is on the other side of the planet, so we have very few charged particles.”

That fluctuation can play havoc with GPS technology.

Morton explained that the technology works through a sort of stopwatch in space: Satellites thousands of miles from Earth first beam radio waves to the planet. Your phone then pinpoints your location by measuring how long it takes those signals to reach the ground.

Scientists try to account for how the ionosphere might shift that timing by mapping this region of space using radar dishes on the ground. Currently, however, they can only observe about 14% of the ionosphere at any one time. As a result, GPS devices may miss your exact location by anywhere from a few to several dozen feet.

“There are a lot of applications that require a lot of accuracy—for example, landing aircraft,” Morton said.

Bubbling up

In the current study, the researchers landed on an unusual idea: Rather than rely on expensive radar dishes, they could map the ionosphere using a suite of sensors that already existed in every country on Earth: Android phones.

The ionosphere maps are created using aggregated measurements of the radio signals between satellites and the receivers in some Android devices. Privacy protections ensure these measurements do not identify any contributing individual devices.

In particular, the group used the phones to track in real time how the ionosphere stretches out radio waves coming from satellites.

The team reported that, on its own, this worldwide fleet could observe roughly 21% of the ionosphere—potentially doubling the accuracy of GPS devices worldwide.

“Millions of phones together can do a much better job of monitoring the atmosphere than our ground network,” Morton said.

The group’s maps also capture the ionosphere in brilliant detail.

In May 2024, for example, a powerful solar storm struck Earth just as the group’s cell phones were looking up. In the hours that followed, huge regions of atmosphere, or “plasma bubbles,” containing low concentrations of charged particles formed above parts of South America. Those bubbles then rose through the ionosphere like wax in a lava lamp.

Morton, for her part, says the study shows the untapped potential of the everyday technologies that many people take for granted.

“I have spent my lifetime building dedicated instruments to do scientific research,” Morton said. “But as technology advances in our society, we see all these sensors at our disposal that have a lot more power than we ever imagined.”

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Schaub one of nine new ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Distinguished Professors

Jeff Zehnder — Thu, 07 Nov 2024 19:03:29 +0000

Schaub one of nine new ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Distinguished Professors Jeff Zehnder Thu, 11/07/2024 - 12:03

Hanspeter Schaub, Ph.D., Professor and Department Chair, Schaden Leadership Chair, Ann and H.J. Smead Aerospace Engineering, University of ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder

Hanspeter Schaub, Ph.D.

Schaub is a visionary leader in the field of astrodynamics and spacecraft control whose innovative research has advanced the theoretical and practical understanding of spacecraft operations. His pioneering contributions to spacecraft formation flying, proximity operations, autonomous spacecraft scheduling and charged astrodynamics have transformed how we model and manage spacecraft motion, particularly through his work in electrostatic charging. These advancements are reshaping space mission proximity and rendezvous concepts, enabling new capabilities in spacecraft control without physical contact.

Schaub’s research has been instrumental in high-profile space projects, including the development of key components for the UAE Hope mission to Mars and the creation of the widely used Basilisk simulation environment. His work also explores the integration of machine learning into spacecraft command and control, opening new avenues for the future of space operations. His leadership in these cutting-edge fields is reflected in his recognition as a Fellow of both the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the American Astronautical Society (AAS), alongside prestigious awards like the AAS Dirk Brouwer Award and the AIAA Mechanics and Control of Flight Award. He won the University of ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Hazel Barnes prize for integrating his research into multiple graduate courses.

As an educator, Schaub has had a profound impact on aerospace engineering. His co-authored textbook is a cornerstone in universities worldwide, and his groundbreaking aerospace MOOC has brought advanced learning to tens of thousands of students. His commitment to education has been recognized with numerous awards, and his mentorship has guided the careers of dozens of Ph.D. students, fostering the next generation of leaders in the field. In his role as Department Chair and through his editorial leadership at the AIAA Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Schaub continues to shape the future of aerospace engineering research and education, leaving a lasting legacy in academia and industry.

The high honor recognizes exceptional contributions in research, education and service. Schaub’s research has been instrumental in high-profile space projects, including the...

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NSF spotlight on ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder CubeSat project

Jeff Zehnder — Fri, 25 Oct 2024 19:08:57 +0000

NSF spotlight on ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder CubeSat project Jeff Zehnder Fri, 10/25/2024 - 13:08

The National Science Foundation is highlighting the SWARM-EX CubeSats.

The three cube satellite project, formally titled Space Weather Atmospheric Reconfigurable Multiscale Experiment (SWARM-EX), is an initiative of six universities, led by the University of ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder.

"The thermosphere and ionosphere system — the start of what we often think of as 'outer space' — is a highly variable and complex region of our atmosphere contributing to space weather," said Scott Palo, a professor in Smead Aerospace and principal investigator for SWARM-EX.

Read the full article at NSF...

The National Science Foundation is highlighting the SWARM-EX CubeSats. The three cube satellite project, formally titled Space Weather Atmospheric Reconfigurable...

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Air Force Research Lab Co-Learning Team Visits Smead Aerospace

Jeff Zehnder — Fri, 25 Oct 2024 17:48:16 +0000

Air Force Research Lab Co-Learning Team Visits Smead Aerospace Jeff Zehnder Fri, 10/25/2024 - 11:48

Inspecting a RAAVEN drone.

Members of the team in the human centrifuge lab.

Personnel from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Human Effectiveness Directorate (RH) at Wright-Patterson Airforce Base, Dayton, Ohio visited Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences October 7, 2024.

AFRL members met with faculty, researchers, and students pursuing human factors and space research in the department.

The Co-Learning team, led by Dr. Lorraine Borghetti, is pursuing novel methods for developing effective human-machine teaming systems in space domain awareness (SDA). The interdisciplinary team consists of experts from a wide range of backgrounds, including cognitive engineering, psychology, computer science, and data analysts.

The visit day was hosted by Prof. Marcus Holzinger’s Vision, Autonomy, and Decision Research (VADeR) Lab. Researchers in the VADeR Lab are developing a comprehensive SDA virtual reality (VR) wargaming environment to train Space Force cadets to operate spacecraft in cislunar space – the area between the Earth and Moon.

The partnership also includes subject matter experts from the ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Center for National Security Initiatives (NSI) and Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). AFRL/RH and the VADeR Lab have plans to conduct joint human subject experiments related to space wargaming on campus.

The AFRL RH team and the VADeR lab also discussed space workforce development. Dr. Marcus Holzinger serves as the Principal Investigator on the STARLIT award; STARLIT focuses on advancing SDA research and expanding the space talent pipeline. The discussion encompassed student recruitment strategies for AFRL internships, as well as information dissemination on AFRL’s postdoctoral opportunities through the National Academy of Sciences.

For more information on the AFRL Human Effectiveness Directorate, please visit their website.

For more information on Dr. Marcus Holzinger and the VADeR Lab, please visit their website.

Contributing authors: Casey R. Heidrich, Meaghan Allyn

Personnel from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Human Effectiveness Directorate (RH) at Wright-Patterson Airforce Base, Dayton, Ohio visited Smead Aerospace...

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NASA Spotlight on ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder CubeSat Van Allen Belt research

Jeff Zehnder — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 18:59:33 +0000

NASA Spotlight on ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder CubeSat Van Allen Belt research Jeff Zehnder Tue, 09/17/2024 - 12:59

An instrument aboard the CIRBE CubeSat is using advanced detection techniques and leveraging an orbit with specific characteristics to increase our understanding of the Van Allen belts

Designed and built by Smead Aerospace and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder, CIRBE launched in 2023 and is conducting sophisticated, fine-grain measurements of the Van Allen radiation belts. CIRBE is managed by Professors Xinlin Li and Scott Palo.

NASA is highlighting the research in a new article on an intense magnetic storm in May 2024.

Read the full article at NASA.gov...

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Holzinger interviewed by PBS News Hour on space junk

Jeff Zehnder — Mon, 12 Aug 2024 22:27:54 +0000

Holzinger interviewed by PBS News Hour on space junk Jeff Zehnder Mon, 08/12/2024 - 16:27

Marcus Holzinger spoke to PBS News Hour about the growing problem of derelict satellites and other debris orbiting our planet: space junk.

"So these are defunct satellites, rocket bodies that have been expended and left up in orbit, as well as parts of spacecraft or parts of rocket bodies that have been up there now for an excess of 50 years, and even all the way up to the current time. There are about 40,000 objects that we're tracking right now on orbit," Holzinger said.

Holzinger, an associate professor in the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, is an expert on space domain awareness -- the study and monitoring of satellites orbiting the Earth.

During the interview, he discussed the importance of systems to track orbital material and policy solutions to ensure old satellites are de-orbited or moved to graveyard orbits to ensure they do not cause problems in the future.

Read the Interview Transcript | Watch the Interview on YouTube

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Scheeres joins ESA’s Hera asteroid mission

Anonymous — Wed, 03 Jul 2024 15:08:11 +0000

Scheeres joins ESA’s Hera asteroid mission Anonymous (not verified) Wed, 07/03/2024 - 09:08

Dan Scheeres has been named a NASA participating scientist on the European Space Agency’s Hera mission.

Scheeres, a distinguished professor in the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences at the University of ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder, is one of 12 individuals announced by NASA to join the space probe mission, which is scheduled to launch in October 2024.

Hera will study the binary asteroid system Didymos, including the moonlet Dimorphos, which was impacted by NASA’s DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) spacecraft on Sept. 26, 2022. The objectives of DART and Hera collectively aim to validate the kinetic impact method as a technology to deflect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth, if one is ever discovered, and to learn more about the near-Earth asteroids that are the source of this natural hazard.

“The Smead Department was heavily involved with the DART mission, and Hera is really the culmination of that project. My overall focus will be on interpreting the pictures we obtain of the Didymos binary asteroid system to better understand the orbit and spins of the two bodies about each other, and to understand what the surface environment is like,” Scheeres said.

Scheeres is a National Academy of Engineering member, recognized for pioneering work on the motion of bodies in strongly perturbed environments such as near asteroids and comets.

Hera is scheduled to arrive at the Didymos/Dimorphos binary asteroid system at the end of 2026, where it will gather otherwise unobtainable data about the mass and makeup of both bodies and assess the changes caused by the DART spacecraft’s kinetic impact.

“There are many aspects of this system that don't seem to make sense, so puzzling out these different issues will be an exciting and exhilarating experience,” Scheeres said. “The Hera mission will be able to take crucial measurements that will determine how effective the DART impact was in moving the secondary asteroid Dimorphos.”

The goal of NASA’s Hera Participating Scientist Program is to support scientists at U.S. institutions to participate on the Hera mission and address outstanding questions in planetary defense and near-Earth asteroid science. The participating scientists will become Hera science team members during their 5-year tenure with the mission.

DART was the first flight mission from NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office, which oversees the agency’s ongoing efforts in planetary defense. International participation in DART and Hera, including the Hera Participating Scientist Program, has been enabled by an ongoing worldwide collaboration in the planetary defense research community known as the Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment.

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New approach to aerial ground penetrating radar for Mars research

Anonymous — Mon, 01 Jul 2024 14:43:08 +0000

New approach to aerial ground penetrating radar for Mars research Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 07/01/2024 - 08:43

Jeff Zehnder

Sean Peters is leading a major multi-institutional initiative to develop power efficient passive radar systems that could peek under the surface of Mars.

Peters has earned a $2.45 million, three-year NASA grant to create a drone-based system to map subsurface areas. The project includes field-testing on Earth with an eye toward potential future deployments on missions to the red planet. The work will be carried out in collaboration with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the University of Arizona, and the Reykjavik University in Iceland.

“This will allow us to understand the properties of the surface, the depth of ice deposits, and areas that have potential for astro-biological studies on indicators that may support life” said Peters, an assistant professor in the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences at the University of ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder.

Utilizing radar on a drone presents unique challenges, and Peters’ team has ideas how to solve this challenging problem.

Most radar technology actively transmits signals, sending out pings and tracking the response to map nearby terrain or objects. This technology has been applied to various industries, such as military, air traffic control, and the geosciences.

Aboard a drone, such systems are not always practical, as they are large and power hungry.

Peters has proposed a much smaller passive radar system that, instead of emitting its own signals, would pick up natural electromagnetic waves emitted by the sun and Jupiter to conduct measurements.

“You’re listening for radio noise, essentially the unwanted part in a traditional active radar, to implement this low-resource technology onboard an uncrewed aerial system for altimetry and sounding,” Peters said. “We’ve done preliminary tests with the sun, and we know this is possible. It should be possible for Jupiter too.”

Taking advantage of ambient radio waves from radio-astronomical bodies was a focus of Peters’ PhD thesis and has been an area of active work for nearly a decade at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which is a partner on the grant.

“Jupiter produces radio bursts at the same frequencies as traditional ground penetrating radars, and we can measure them here on Earth. They penetrate into the ground, and our goal is to pick up and analyze the reflected signals to observe what’s below the surface,” Peters said.

Peters’ PhD student, Thorsteinn Kristinsson, is conducting early work on the grant.

“We feel electromagnetic waves coming from the sun just going outside. You wouldn’t think looking at the sky that there are waves hitting your body from Jupiter too, but at certain times there are.”

The project is incorporating both the sun and Jupiter because their electromagnetic waves cover different areas of the frequency spectrum. Jupiter’s waves are lower frequency and penetrate deeper into the ground, allowing the team to conduct additional subsurface analysis.

The team will design and build the radar system and conduct initial field-testing on the ground in California within the next year. By the third year of the grant, the radar system will be incorporated into a drone for flight tests in Iceland, which has terrain analogous to Martian volcanoes.

The Iceland portion of the grant is particularly exciting for Kristinsson, who grew up there and has conducted previous research in the same area.

“It’s amazing. It gives me the opportunity to do work in my home country and field testing in an environment I know, and that is also so beautiful to be in,” Kristinsson said.

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ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder, Johns Hopkins APL team advance in NASA space weather competition

Anonymous — Thu, 20 Jun 2024 16:01:21 +0000

ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder, Johns Hopkins APL team advance in NASA space weather competition Anonymous (not verified) Thu, 06/20/2024 - 10:01

DYNAMIC targets the Lower Thermosphere Ionosphere (LTI) altitude region where the thermosphere’s neutral gas interacts with the coexisting plasma population of the ionosphere, influenced by forcing from above and below. Poorly understood multiscale ripples in this area, as depicted in the gray-scale ground track, are a result of atmospheric wave forcing from below. (Image Credit: University of ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder, Johns Hopkins APL)

A joint proposal of the University of ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder and Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland has earned a $2 million award for a NASA mission concept study.

The team is one of three concept teams chosen by NASA competing to develop Phase-A proposals to enact the space agency’s Dynamical Neutral Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (DYNAMIC) mission. Each of the three winning teams will receive funding for a Phase-A, nine-month concept study, after which NASA will select a single winning proposal.

The mission will ultimately design and build a satellite with science payloads to explore fundamental gaps in our understanding of how changes in the lower atmosphere influence the upper atmosphere and low Earth orbit.

“We’re grateful and overjoyed for this opportunity to work together to make our vision of DYNAMIC a reality. With these measurements, we can finally gain an understanding of the critical link between Earth’s atmosphere and space,” said Tomoko Matsuo, principal investigator (PI) on the project and an associate professor in the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences at ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder.

Additional partners joining ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder and APL include NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Southern California, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Haystack Observatory in Westford, Massachusetts, Clemson University in South Carolina, Arizona State University, the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the National Center for Atmospheric Research in ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ.

The team’s project will fulfill science goals recommended by the 2013 Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine.

When launched, DYNAMIC is expected to provide comprehensive measurements of the upper atmosphere in the very low Earth orbit (VLEO, below 300 km) range — the new frontier for spacecraft operation. This will provide a deeper understanding into how space weather — events generated by activity on the Sun and the Earth’s weather — can interfere with satellites, navigation systems and other technology.

“We have been looking forward to a mission such as DYNAMIC for many years, and are grateful for the NASA step 1 selection,” said Jason Kalirai, APL’s mission area executive for Space Formulation. “Our PI, team at the Lab, and partners across the nation are excited to push forward on a new Heliophysics mission that will answer fundamental questions about how space weather affects our planet.”

A joint proposal of the University of ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder and Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland has earned a $2 million award for a NASA mission concept study. The team is one of three concept teams chosen by NASA competing to...

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ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder, industry partner on space docking and satellite AI research

Anonymous — Mon, 03 Jun 2024 15:00:58 +0000

ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder, industry partner on space docking and satellite AI research Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 06/03/2024 - 09:00

Jeff Zehnder

Hanspeter Schaub standing in front of a vacuum chamber in his lab that will be used in the the research with In Orbit Aerospace.

Docking with a satellite orbiting Earth is delicate business, with one wrong move spelling disaster. A team of industry and University of ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder researchers is trying to make it easier.

The work is part of two major business-university grant partnerships that include the lab of Hanspeter Schaub, a professor and chair of the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences.

“The goal with these grants is very much tech transfer,” Schaub said. “We’re combining university research with business goals and initiatives to develop a product or service.”

The first project is a U.S. Space Force Small Business Technology Transfer grant with In Orbit Aerospace Inc. The goal is to use electro adhesive forces to ease docking between satellites, future space cargo vehicles, or orbital debris. Electro adhesion uses short-range strong electric fields to hold together adjacent bodies, even if they are not made of magnetic materials.

“Docking in space is surprisingly difficult. If servicer bumps target vehicle in an unexpected manner, it’s going to bounce off and fly away. Electro adhesion has been used a lot already with manufacturing on Earth. With electric fields, you can create attractive forces to grab stuff. They’re not huge forces, but they’re nice,” Schaub said.

The team completed early work on the project last year and has now advanced to a second stage, which began in May.

Schaub’s portion of the grant is worth about $500,000 over 18 months, and includes numerical modeling and atmospheric experiments as well as the creation of samples to test in the lab’s vacuum chamber that approximates orbital conditions.

It is not the only business development grant in Schaub’s lab. He and Associate Professor Nisar Ahmed are also in the process of setting up a contract with Trusted Space, Inc. on a U.S. Air Force STTR grant to advance autonomous satellite fault identification. ŷ��ڱ��Ƶ Boulder’s portion of this project is worth roughly $300,000 over 18 months.

Like all electronics and machines, satellites sometimes fail. The goal of the effort with Trusted Space is to develop an AI that can automatically identify likely sources of errors.

“If a satellite isn’t tracking in orbit, maybe something bumped into it, maybe the rate gyroscope is off, maybe everything is fine but a sensor is giving bad information. There might be 10 different reasons why and we’re trying to down select in an automated way so a human doesn’t have to scour through datasets manually,” Schaub said.

The team has completed proof of concept work on a Phase 1 grant and is now advancing to Phase 2, modeling dozens of potential errors.

Both grants make extensive use of Basilisk, a piece of software developed by Schaub’s lab to conduct spacecraft mission simulations.

Although many of Schaub’s grants are directly with government agencies or multi-university initiatives, he said conducting work with a business partner offers unique opportunities for advancing science and additional potential for students.

“Students get exposure to industry and are excited because suddenly people outside the research community are interested in what they’re doing,” Schaub said. “They attend meetings and see how projects are run, what challenges industry is trying to solve. It helps influence their dissertations and gives more focus. I see a lot of benefits and companies also often want to hire the students.”

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ŷ���ڱ���Ƶ Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR)

Engineers transform smartphones into instruments for studying space

Eye on the ionosphere

Bubbling up

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Schaub one of nine new ŷ���ڱ���Ƶ Distinguished Professors

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NSF spotlight on ŷ���ڱ���Ƶ Boulder CubeSat project

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Air Force Research Lab Co-Learning Team Visits Smead Aerospace

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NASA Spotlight on ŷ���ڱ���Ƶ Boulder CubeSat Van Allen Belt research

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